Jan 9, 2018 - Samuel Tassi Yunga,; Genevieve G. Fouda,; Grace Sama,; Julia B. Ngu,; Rose G. Leke &; [] Diane W. ISSN 2045-2322 (online).

Results We found that the genetic diversity of the Shimaa (an Amazon Yunga population) is a subset of that of Quechuas from Central-Andes. Using the Isolation-with-Migration population genetics model, we inferred that the Shimaa ancestors were a small subgroup that split less than 5300 years ago (after the development of complex societies) from an ancestral Andean population. After the split, the most plausible scenario compatible with our results is that the ancestors of Shimaas moved toward the Peruvian Amazon Yunga and incorporated the culture and language of some of their neighbors, but not a substantial amount of their genes. We validated our results using Approximate Bayesian Computations, posterior predictive tests and the analysis of pseudo-observed datasets. Conclusions We presented a case study in which model-based Bayesian approaches, combined with necessary statistical validations, shed light into the prehistoric demographic relationship between Andeans and a population from the Amazon Yunga.

Our results offer a testable model for the peopling of this large transitional environmental region between the Andes and the Lower Amazonia. However, studies on larger samples and involving more populations of these regions are necessary to confirm if the predominant Andean biological origin of the Shimaas is the rule, and not the exception. Knowing how Native Americans dispersed along the American continent is still a major challenge faced by researchers studying the biological and cultural evolution of the region [ ]-[ ]. Also, how natives adapted to diverse environmental challenges such as hypoxia and cold weather in the Andes [ ] and the tropical forest [ ] remain poorly understood. Harris unity radio programming software pdf. When Europeans arrived in South America in the 16th century, the Pan-Andean Inca Empire dominated the Andean region and had a population density and levels of socioeconomic development unmatched elsewhere in South America.

But the Inca Empire is just the tip of the iceberg of a long-term cultural and biological evolutionary process that involved the entire Andean region and its adjacent Pacific Coast (hereafter western South America). This process began 14–11 thousand years BP, with the peopling of this region in the Late Pleistocene [ ], involving continuous cultural exchanges and gene flow along time, and leading to a relative genetic, cultural, and linguistic homogeneity between the populations of western South America when compared with eastern South America (a term that hereafter refers to the eastern region of the Andes, including the low Amazon Basin), where populations remained relatively more isolated [ ] than those in western South America.